2020高考英语高频考点——阅读理解七选五

　　2020高考即将开战，你准备好了吗？高考网小编为各位考生整理了一些高频考点，供大家参考阅读！

　　2.命题基本规律

　　阅读理解七选五重点考查考生对文章基本结构的理解。阅读理解七选五注重对语篇和段落结构的考查，不仅要求考生能够理解文章的内容，还要求考生能够从篇章和段落上去把握文章的结构与层次，在理解文章基本结构和把握全篇文脉（即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系）的基础上完成试题。由上面的统计表可以看出:

　　(1)近三年选用的文章所涉及的题材比较广泛，给人以"情理之中、预料之外"的感觉，但都突出了生活化的特点；就体裁而言，除了2017年全国卷Ⅰ采用了一篇记叙文外，其余均为说明文，说明如何做某事或介绍某事物；

　　(2)试题阅读总量（包括文章、文章中的试题序号、选项及序号）在230词到310词之间；

　　(3)文章结构比较清晰，有时提供标题和小标题，有些阅读材料甚至出现了编号或项目符号，所提供的文章段落数在2到5之间，大部分采用了"总—分"结构，即在第一段（或第一、二段）引入所要说明的主题后，在其余的段落中从某一角度对这一主题展开说明，有时还会有一个总结性的段落；

　　(4)从题目设定和选项设置的角度来看，所留出的5个空白中有1至2个空设在小标题、主旨句或首句的位置，用于考查考生概括段落主旨的能力，其余3至4个空设在段落之中，用于考查细节过渡衔接句和线索句，需要填入的句子与上下文之间大多通过语意和词汇联系起来。所提供的7个选项大多是完整的句子，其中祈使句和陈述句居多，错误选项与文章内容有一定的相关性，对正确选项会形成一定的干扰，另外，正确选项之间也会形成相互干扰。

　　3.命题趋势

　　对近三年全国卷阅读理解七选五试题进行分析对比，可以看出在体裁的选择上仍以说明文为主，行文仍多用"总—分"结构，阅读总量相对稳定，但也有一些新的变化。

　　(1)除了说明文外，也会选用记叙文。如2017年全国卷Ⅰ就采用了一篇记叙文，这就意味着以后阅读理解七选五命题材料可能会选用记叙文，但说明文还会是命题的首选。

　　(2)不再提供标题和小标题。2017年三套全国卷均没有提供文章标题和小标题，没有显性的文章结构提示，增加了试题的难度，这就要求考生在理解阅读材料的基础上，弄清文章与各个段落的主旨和结构，准确地做出判断。但有的文章仍有明显的段落主旨句，如2017年全国卷Ⅲ的后四段段首就出现了段落主旨句。

　　考点1

　　主旨概括题

　　主旨概括题主要考查考生对文章或段落进行概括的能力，它要求考生在阅读文章时，能够提炼其中心思想，体会作者的写作意图，充分运用概括能力提取文章的主题、观点以及作者的情感态度。这类题常以考查段落标题为主，设题位置一般在段首,有时总结性的语句也会出现在段中或段尾。这类题有时也会考查整篇文章的主旨大意，即文章的主题句，一般会在首段设空。概括起来讲，命题人通常从两个方面设题：①概括文章或段落的主题句或结论性语句；②段落标题。

　　【典例1】

　　（2017·浙江卷）    34    Each interview that you get on the street shouldn?t be longer than ten minutes. As soon as you get the answer you need, move on to the next person. Make sure that as you go from interview to interview, you are getting a variety of answers. If everyone is giving you the same answer, you wonot be able to use it. A safe number of interviews to conduct is about six to ten.35(F)   ...

　　A.Limit your time.

　　B.As you approach people, be polite.

　　C.If you donot own a camera, you can buy one.

　　D.For new reporters, this can seem like a challenging task.

　　E.To get good and useful results, ask them the same question.

　　F.That number of interviews should give you all the answers you need.

　　G.With a question like this, you will get more than a "Yes" or "No" reply

　　【解析】主题句一般是对上文或下文内容的总结，所以我们通常采用浏览的方式，重点搜索主题线索和脉络，并准确判断出主题句，切忌主观臆断或以偏概全，以点代面。根据语段中的" shouldn?t be longer than ten minutes"以及" As soon as you get the answer you need, move on to the next person "可知，本段主要讲要控制采访的时间，此空应是本段的主题句，引领下文。本题易误选B项，但本段并未介绍如何在采访时保持礼貌，故排除B项。也易误选E项，但该项属于对街头采访的主观臆断，并无信息支持，故也不能选。A。

　　【方法点津】位置先后Foretelling

　　1.设空在段首：

　　（1）通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。调研1即属于这种类型。

　　（2）与后文是并列、转折、因果关系等。着重阅读空后第一句，锁定线索词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。通常答案与空前后的句子在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此这些句子之间会用到某种衔接手段。比如，选项中出现时间，考生往往要注意其与正文中的时间的前后对应关系。

　　（3）是段落间的过渡句。这时要前瞻后望，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常答案会与上一段结尾有机地衔接起来，并结合下一段的内容，看所选的答案是否能使两段内容连贯起来。

　　2.设空在段尾：

　　（1）通常是概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的过渡性词语，如therefore, as a result, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word等，选项中也可能会出现前文的同义词或同义句。

　　（2）与前文是转折或对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的连接词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文形成对比关系。

　　（3）与前文是并列或递进关系。在这种情况下，通常是该段落要求补全说明本段主题的其他细节，因此根据段落一致性原则，在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词，通常在选项中会出现表示并列、递进关系的连接词,与前文类似的句式结构或同义词等线索。

　　（4）所选答案引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否能与选项紧密连接起来。

　　3.设空在段中：

　　重点阅读该空的前一句和后一句，找出它们之间的逻辑关系，或者根据意义的连贯性得出答案；如果还没有把握，再分析该段的中心句，因为中心确定后所有的句子都是围绕该中心来描述的。

　　【典例2】

　　When mouth\|watering food on a white plate is served, do you eat it right away? 36(G)  Then you post it on your favorite social networking sites and apps. Shooting food has become a popular practice for people all over the world.Last month, The Telegraph published an article from British food photographer Hugh Johnson in which he shared tips.Read and find out how to get better at taking food pictures....Move things aroundToo many people might ruin a good shot by failing to look at the backdrop properly. Make sure all the dirty spoons and used napkins（餐巾纸）are out of sight. Double check that you havenot left anything in your background that you don?t want to be seen. 40

　　A.Consider the light.

　　B.Let the food take centre stage.

　　C.The food will sparkle in the sunshine.

　　D.Try and use the shadow to your advantage.

　　E.Unnatural light may ruin amazing pictures.

　　F.Donot try and put too much in a single picture.

　　G.Chances are that you actually take a photo first.

　　【解析】由前两段可知，文章主要讲"how to get better at taking food pictures"。根据空白处所在段内容可推知，拍摄美食时，食物才是重点，其他不必要的或影响主题的东西都要收起来，空白处应是对本段内容的概括或总结。结合本节标题"Move things around"可知B项符合语境。B。

　　考点2

　　语段过渡题

　　语段过渡题所涉及的句子是过渡句，具有承上启下的作用，该题型主要考查考生对篇章的理解能力和对上下文之间逻辑关系的分析能力。其设空位置比较灵活，可位于段尾、段首或段中。解这类题通常可采用位置判断法。如果空白位于段首，要前瞻后望找提示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与之衔接，并结合下一段内容，看所选的答案是否能将两段内容连贯起来。如果空白位于段中，重点阅读该空的前一句和后一句，找出它们之间的逻辑关系或根据意义的连贯性得出答案；如果还没有把握，再分析该段的中心句。如果空白位于段尾，在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联时，可考虑与下一段开头之间的衔接。仔细阅读下一段开头几句，看是否能与所选选项紧密连接起来。

　　【典例3】

　　（2016·浙江10月高考）How to Have a Successful Teenage LifeEveryone wants to succeed in their life, do not they? Even as a teenager, you can achieve success in your life; it really isnot that hard.  31 Do well in school. No matter how boring it is now, education will help you be a productive member in society. Try your best for excellence in school; listen to the teachers, do your homework, study, and get good grades...

　　A. Live life to the fullest.

　　B. School sets you up on the right track!

　　C. Be nice to your parents and teachers.

　　D. Find chances to do volunteer work that interests you.

　　E. It will help you pass time and develop your personality.

　　F. Here are some important points that you may find helpful.

　　G. Keep in mind that they do the things they do because they care about you.

　　【解析】空白处在段尾，所填句子要么是段落总结句，要么是上下过渡句。空白处前的"Everyone wants to succeed in their life, don?t they? Even as a teenager, you can achieve success in your life; it really isn?t that hard"表明成功并非如此困难，下文则又讲了如何成功，可见选项要在这里起到承上启下的作用，用来引出下文成功的方法，所以F项符合语境。

　　考点3

　　细节线索题

　　细节线索类的试题要求考生更加注重文章中的细节，比如某个关键的单词或数字等。解答这类试题经常用到的方法有：词汇复现法、词汇同现法、代词线索法、逻辑关系线索法等。

　　1.词汇复现法

　　复现法是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即在文章中不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述，从而使得同样的意思在文章中不同的地方重复出现。复现的形式主要包括原词复现、同（近）义词复现、反义词复现等。考生可利用文章的这一特点，在解题时注意选项中出现的与正文意思相同、相近或相反的词。

　　【典例4】（2017·浙江卷）How to Do Man-on-the-Street InterviewsThe man-on-the-street interview is an interview in which a reporter hits the streets with a cameraman to interview people on the spot.  31 But with these tips, your first man-on-the-street interview experience can be easy....

　　A. Limit your time.

　　B. As you approach people, be polite.

　　C. If you don?t own a camera, you can buy one.

　　D. For new reporters, this can seem like a challenging task.

　　E. To get good and useful results, ask them the same question.

　　F. That number of interviews should give you all the answers you need.

　　G. With a question like this, you will get more than a "Yes" or "No" reply.

　　【解析】解此题可运用反义词复现法。本段用来引入本文的话题。空白处的后一句话中有一个形容词"easy"，且该句是由But引导的，说明该句话与空白处在意义上是相反的。因此，在选项中找出" easy "的反义词" challenging "，将答案锁定为D项。D。

　　2.词汇同现法

　　词汇同现是指属于同一词汇范畴或者某一领域的词汇在文章中同时出现，达到语意衔接的目的。一般来说，上下文中词汇的范畴越小，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。

　　【典例5】（2017·全国卷Ⅰ）...I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness.   38   Instead, we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner. My nature\|loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.

　　...

　　A. This time there was no tent.

　　B. Things are going to be improved.

　　C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.

　　D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.

　　E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

　　F. After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.

　　G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

　　【解析】解此题可运用词汇同现法。该空前面的部分说明了作者被说服参加另一次野营活动，而空白后则说这次野营活动有舒服的床和空调，因此空白处的论述应该是在"住宿"这一范畴内，几个选项中只有A项合适。A。

　　3.代词线索法

　　英语文章中代词出现的频率极高，代词一般用来指代前面提及的名词，考生巧妙地利用这样的指代关系或根据代词的单复数就可以准确而快速地解题。

　　【典例6】（2017·全国卷Ⅰ）...I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness.   38 （A）  Instead, we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner. My nature\|loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.39   We have done a lot of it since. Recently, we bought a twenty\|eight-foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set. There is a separate bedroom, a modern kitchen with a refrigerator. The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains.    ...

　　A. This time there was no tent.

　　B. Things are going to be improved.

　　C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.

　　D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.

　　E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

　　F. After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.

　　G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

　　【解析】解此题可运用代词线索法。一方面，利用代词指代关系，空白处后面的句子里提到的We指代的是选项里面的my family。另一方面,从结构上来说，联系上下文，上文提到的是野营的过程，该空后面提到的具体做法表现出了"我们"对野营的热爱，由此可推知空白处表示野营结束之后的态度。弄清楚代词We的指代，对解答此题非常重要。F。

　　4.逻辑关系线索法

　　一篇文章往往是一个有机的整体，各部分之间存在着一定的联系。从逻辑意义上来看，句子与句子之间常常有并列、顺承、递进、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系，有时甚至包含一种以上这样的关系。因此，理解阅读材料时一定要把握文章脉络，弄清其中的逻辑关系。如果文中或选项中出现了逻辑关系词，考生就可以利用其来进行推理判断；如果文中或选项中未出现逻辑关系词，这就需要考生全面理解文章大意，根据上下文语境弄清文章内在的逻辑关系，作出正确的判断。

　　【典例7】（2017·全国卷Ⅰ）If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping，I would have laughed heartily. Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill\|cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me.   36.The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer...I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness......We have done a lot of it since...      40（E）    It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature. I recommend that you find your way in style.

　　A. This time there was no tent.

　　B. Things are going to be improved.

　　C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.

　　D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.

　　E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

　　F. After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.

　　G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

　　【解析】此题考查考生对文章内在逻辑的把握能力。首句"如果三年前有人告诉我我会花大部分的周末时间去野营，我将会开怀大笑"使用了虚拟语气，预示了后面的转折关系。接着讲述了作者过去对野营的看法。由下文可知作者起初和后来对野营的态度不一样。D项表示"但是，从那时起我就学习了很多关于野营的知识"，however与上文构成转折关系，因此是最佳选项。此题的关键是however这个逻辑关系词，承上启下，为下文内容做铺垫。

　　【知识拓展】由于英语的段与段之间、句与句之间经常会使用连接词进行衔接和过渡，使文章的逻辑更清楚、结构更连贯，因此文章中和选项中表示各种逻辑关系的连接词在选择答案时都是很重要的线索。能表明句与句、段与段之间逻辑关系的连接性词语有以下几种：

　　因果关系：如so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result等。

　　条件关系：如as/so long as, on condition that, if, unless等。

　　并列关系：如first, second, third...; firstly, secondly, thirdly...;first, next, then...; in the first place, in the second place...; for one thing, for another thing...等。

　　转折关系：如however, nevertheless, though, yet, otherwise等。

　　对比关系：如on the contrary, by contrast, in/by comparison, conversely（相反地）等。

　　递进关系：如also, further, furthermore, even, besides, moreover, in addition, what is more等。

　　解释关系：如for example, for instance等。

　　考生在解题过程中如果抓住了这些表示逻辑关系的连接词，也就掌握了解题的关键，从而就能顺利地选出答案。

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