高考语法考查中的名词和冠词考点详解

　　一．高考考点剖析：

　　名词的数量及用法可谓纷繁复杂，高考题每年都有对名词的考查。近几年考卷对该部分的单纯考查在逐渐减少，但有向完型填空和短文改错等题型迁移的特征。有关名词的考查应蕴涵以下考点：

　　1名词的“数” 2名词的“格”（所有格）

　　3名词做定语的形式

　　4在一定语境中名词的词意辨析

　　5链接语法：主谓一致

　　冠词应着重掌握下列知识点：

　　1、 定冠词the、不定冠词a/an以及零冠词的一般用法；

　　2、 冠词的习惯用法和特殊用法。

　　二．知识结构梳理：

　　一）名词

　　名词是表示人，事物，地点或抽象概念的名称的词。

　　名词 专有名词 Mary, Beijing 不可数名词

　　普通名词 物质名词 water, sand

　　抽象名词 happiness, success

　　集体名词 family, team

　　可数名词

　　个体名词 book, pen, man

　　I. 名词的数

　　在熟悉名词单数变复数规则的基础上，突出以下几点：

　　1．注意以下名词数的概念

　　1.1. 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词)， 如：

　　physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news , the United States

　　1.2. 抽象名词：表示具体或特定时，前面应有不定冠词

　　a pleasure/pity/surprise/success/failure/shame

　　/an honor

　　a bright future, a strong character, a great help, a waste of time, a knowledge of English

　　1.3 总称名词：表示一类事物的总称，不能加s

　　machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence

　　1.4单数和复数形式表达不同的意思

　　chicken鸡肉 / chickens小鸡; fish鱼肉 / fishes( fish )各种鱼; paper纸 / papers试卷; water水 / waters水域，room空间/ rooms房间

　　1.5只有复数形式的名词，如

　　glasses （眼镜）,trousers, clothes，scissors等，注意加单位名词的用法：a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers

　　1.6 形式上虽是单数，但表示的是复数含义

　　people , police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the + 分词;（表示一类人）

　　1.7 以复数形式出现，表达复数含义

　　belongings, surroundings, earnings, savings, shoes, socks, goods, thanks, congratulations, funds, pains, arms, troops

　　2.集合名词的数

　　注意主谓一致：看成一个整体时，谓语用单数，若侧重各个成员，则用复数

　　eg: a) The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be.

　　b) My family are going with me.

　　3. 单复数同形的名词

　　fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works

　　eg: How many deer are there in Dafeng now?

　　4 由连字符构成的复合名词的“数”:

　　a)合成名词的复数形式通常只将其中的主体名词变成复数：

　　lookers-on 参观者 sons-in-law 女婿 editors-in-chief主编 shoe-makers 鞋匠

　　b)如果没有主体名词，在最后一个词上加复数词尾：

　　go-betweens 中间人 grown-ups 成人 follow-ups 续集 good-for-nothings 饭桶

　　c) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时定语和被修饰词都变成复数：

　　men workers　　women teachers　　gentlemen officials

　　5.不规则名词的“数”:

　　常用改变元音字母或词尾加en的方法构成

　　woman -women, child-children, ox -oxen, tooth -teeth, goose -geese,

　　foot -feet, mouse -mice, phenomenon-phenomena, analysis-analyses,

　　6 .专有名词的“数”

　　史密斯一家人 the Smiths 两个玛丽 two Marys

　　7.非名词类词汇的“数”:

　　缩写，数字，字母的复数常用加’s的方法来构成

　　three a’s; two but’s; in one’s twenties; in the 1980’s(1980s)

　　e.g 1) Nothing is in good order but at sixes and sevens. 乱七八糟

　　2)You mightn’t as well use so many and’s in your conversation.

　　8 固定结构中名词的“数”

　　1) take pains 费劲做… 2) make arrangements 安排3)make preparations准备 4)keep on good terms with 和某人相处融洽5)be in high / low spirits精神高昂的 6)extend thanks to 表达谢意

　　7)by means of 通过…方式 8)give regards of 向某人问好 9) give respects to尊敬

　　II. 名词所有格

　　英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：

　　1） 单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。

　　2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle　工人的斗争。

　　3） 复合名词和短语的所有格在最后的词后面加’s, 如 her brother-in-law’s bike, someone else’s keys a day or two’s rest

　　4） 凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。

　　5) 分别格

　　如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。

　　John's and Mary's rooms（两间）　　John and Mary's room（一间）

　　6) 省略格：

　　在表示店铺或教堂,诊所的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词，

　　在诊所at the doctor”s 在我姐家at my sister’s

　　7)双重格：

　　of +名词’s 结构， 如 a friend of my father’s , works of Lu Xun’s

　　注意：当of 之前的名词是picture, portrait等词时含义不同

　　eg: This is a picture of my friend’s. 这是我朋友收藏的一幅画

　　This is a picture of my friend. 这是我朋友的一张照片

　　III. 名词的修饰语

　　1. 有些直接用名词来修饰名词

　　金戒指 gold ring; 物理实验室 physics lab;

　　咖啡杯coffee cup; 油壶 oil pot;

　　苹果籽 apple seeds；

　　2. 关于表示数量（许多）的修饰语（分类）：

　　A)a good many B)a good many of C) a number of D) numbers of E) a great deal of

　　F) a large amount of G) a large quantity of H) large quantities of I) a lot of

　　J) lots of K) more than one L) many a M)a few N)a little

　　（思考）1)_______________students _____________the students ___________student

　　2) _______________ news ______________wood

　　IV.名词用法（比较）

　　1词义辨析 2名词的固定搭配 ★在特定语境中对名词辨析能力的考查应当作复习备考的一个重点。

　　二）冠词

　　I.不定冠词（a/an）

　　1、基本用法：表泛指，

　　2、请注意以下一些特殊用法：

　　(1) 用于不可数的抽象名词前；（见名词）

　　(2) 用于某些物质名词前；

　　a coffee 一杯咖啡; a tea 一杯茶;a heavy rain 一场大雨; a strong wind 一种强烈的信念

　　(3) 用于专有名词前；

　　a Mr. Green ; a Mary： a Shakespeare of China 中国的莎士比亚

　　(4) 用于某些固定结构中：

　　once upon a time , have a rest , take a bath , in a hurry ,

　　all of a sudden , as a matter of fact , It’s a pity that… .

　　(5) 用于双重修饰结构中：so / as / that / too / how + adj. + a / an + n.

　　(注意) George tries to be as ____ ____ ______(一位好老师) as possible

　　(6) 用于表最高级含义的句型: 否定意义的词 + ．．．．．． + a /an +比较级；

　　（思考）：没有人比我的童年过的更幸福。_______________________________

　　II. 定冠词(the)

　　A)、基本用法：用于各类名词前，表特指。

　　1、Where are the other students? Can you swim in the river?(比较：in a river)

　　2、the sun, the moon, the earth, the world, the sky…(思考：a blue sky?…)

　　3、I have bought a book and a pen. The book is for my sister.

　　4、the second sentence, in the east (比较：east of…); A bird is flying through the air.

　　5、The horse is a useful animal. (比较：A horse is useful./ Horses are useful animals.)

　　6、the people, the Americans, the policeman, the public, ……

　　7、The rain is falling. The wind is blowing.

　　8、Shanghai is the London of China. the Venice of the East .

　　9、请通过下列句式结构体会the的特指用法：

　　We are living a happy life. The life we are living is happy.

　　They made rapid progress last term. The progress they made last term was rapid.

　　B)定冠词在一些特殊结构中的用法：

　　1、in + the + 数词复数式：in the early 1920s

　　2、the + 比较级 + …, the + 比较级 + …：; 越…; 就越…

　　3、the +姓氏复数：如the Greens, 格林一家

　　4、the + adj.; the + 分词; the rich 富人; the living 生者;

　　5、by the + 单位名词：如by the hour,

　　6、v. + sb. + prep. + the +人体各部位：caught me by the arm..　抓住了我的手臂;

　　7.、play + the + 乐器名称，如：play the piano.弹钢琴.

　　8．用在惯用语中。例如：

　　in the day, in the morning （afternoon，evening）,　the day after tomorrow

　　the day before yesterday,　the next morning, in the sky （water，field，country）

　　in the dark,　in the rain,　in the distance,　 in the middle （of）,　in the end,

　　on the whole,　by the way,　go to the theatre

　　III、零冠词：

　　1、零冠词的基本用法：一般性的泛指，甚至表抽象意义。

　　2、复数可数名词、不可数名词前不用冠词，表示泛指；

　　如：Horses are useful animals.

　　(思考： A horse is useful. / The horse is a useful animal)

　　3、称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用冠词；

　　○1. We made him president of USA. ○2. Who’s this, Mother?

　　4、球类运动、棋类运动和“三餐”前不用冠词；

　　如：Have you had supper?

　　5、表示季节、月份，星期或含day表节日的名词前不用冠词；

　　如：March, Christmas, Women’s Day … (但是：the Spring Festival ……)

　　6、前面已经有人称代词、指示代词或不定代词作定语的名词前不用冠词；

　　如：his book; that cat; any people……

　　7、by car, by bus, by bike, by train, on foot ……

　　(思考：take a taxi, take a bus, in the car…)

　　8、某些习语，固定短语或固定结构中不用冠词。

　　○1 husband and wife, knife and fork, face to face, side by side ……

　　○2 to church, at home, at night, at school, go to school, in hospital, at table ……

　　(思考：to the church, go to the school, in the hospital, at the table…)

　　○3 Child as he is, he knows a lot of English.

　　(但是：A lovely girl she is, …….)

　　At last, she turned doctor. (但是：She became a doctor.)

　　三 典型例题分析

　　I.随堂例题剖析：

　　1. He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his __________ was seen at its best when he worked with others.

　　A. temper B. appearance

　　C. talent D. character

　　2. Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his__________.

　　A. ability B. force

　　C. strength D. mind

　　3. The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has _______ all over the country.

　　A. companies B. branches

　　C. organizations D. businesses

　　4. My ________of this weekend’s activity is going out with some good friends.

　　A. idea B. opinion

　　C. mind D. thought

　　5. Niagara Falls is a great tourist _____________ drawing millions of visitors from all parts of the world every year.

　　A. interest B. view

　　C. scene D. attraction

　　6. How did you like the _________ of the interpreter at the Chinese FM press conference of 6-party talks on TV?

　　A. performance B. achievement

　　C. material D. words

　　7. — I’ll come and see you next Sunday.

　　— Is that a _________? Don’t disappoint me, I hope.

　　A. promise B. decision

　　C. request D. possibility

　　8. Before the final examination, many students have shown ________ of tension. Some have trouble in sleep while others have lost their appetite

　　A. anxiety B. marks

　　C. signs D. remarks

　　9. —How is Tom getting along with his new job?

　　—Perhaps he is very busy. __________ has come from him all the week.

　　A. A word B. No a word

　　C. No word D. No words

　　10. She is always ready to help people in trouble because she thinks it is a_____.

　　A. business B. reward

　　C. pleasure D. favor

　　11. As a result of the heavy snow, the highway has been closed up until further__________.

　　A. news B. information

　　C. notice D. message

　　12. In a time of social reform, people’s state of mind tends to keep __________ with the rapid changes of society.

　　A. step B. pace

　　C. progress D. touch

　　13. We’ll all have to bear it in __________ that self-confidence is the key point for a person’s success.

　　A. head B. mind

　　C. heart D. brain

　　14. You should take the medicine after you read the __________.

　　A. introduction B. words

　　C. instructions D. suggestions

　　15. John tried hard to find a job in the sales department, but he had no ________.

　　A. chance B. time

　　C. money D. luck

　　16. She took _______ to study the problem.

　　A. much pain B. a lot of pain

　　C. pain D. great pains

　　17. The assignment for Thursday is to write _________ composition about your hometown.

　　A. a five-hundred-words

　　B. a five-hundred-word

　　C. a five-hundreds-word

　　D. a five-hundred-words’

　　18. It’s _________for a child to read.

　　A. a too difficult book

　　B. rather a difficult book

　　C. quite a difficult book

　　D. too difficult a book

　　19. It’s _________ as the one we did last month.

　　A. as dangerous a job

　　B. as a dangerous job

　　C. so dangerous a job

　　D. such dangerous job

　　20. I called at ___________ three times the day before yesterday.

　　A. my teacher B. my teachers

　　C. my teacher‘s D. the teacher of mine

　　Answers: DCBAD AACCC BBBCD DBDAC

　　【经典回眸】

　　1. The two were like ___ teacher and ___ student though they were the same age.

　　A. /; the B. /; /

　　C. the; the D. a; a

　　2. Many people agree that ___ knowledge of English is a must in ___ international trade.

　　A. a; / B. the; a

　　C. the; the D. /; the

　　3. ——Have you seen ___ pen? I left it here this morning.

　　——Is it ___ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.

　　A. a; the B. the; the

　　C. the; a D. a; a

　　4. Paper money was in ___ use in China when Marco polo visited the country in ____ thirteen century.

　　A. the; / B. the; the

　　C. /; the D. /; /

　　5. Most animals have little connection with ___ animals of ____ different kind unless they kill them for food.

　　A. the; a B. /; a

　　C. the; the D. /; the

　　6. Jumping put of ___ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ____ exciting experience.

　　A. /; the B. /; am

　　C. an; an D. the; the

　　7. The sigh reads “In case of ___ fire, break the glass and push ___ red button.”

　　A. /; a B. /; the

　　C. the; the D. a; a

　　8. When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to ___ hotel; I can find you ___ bed in my flat.

　　A. the; a B. the; /

　　C. a; the D. a; /

　　9. Alexander Graham Bell invented ___ telephone in 1876.

　　A. / B. a

　　C. the D. one

　　10. Wouldn’t it be ___ wonderful world if all nations lived in ___ peace with one another?

　　A. a, / B. the, /

　　C. a, the D. the, the

　　11. She is __ new comer to ___ chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.

　　A. the, the B. the, /

　　C. a, / D. a, the

　　12. Many people are still in ___ habit of writing silly thing in ____ public places.

　　A. the, the B. /, /

　　C. the, / D. /, the

　　13. It is not rare in ___ that people in ___ fifties are going to university for further education.

　　A. 90s, their B. the 90s,

　　C. 90’s, their D. the 90s, their

　　14. Four of Robert’s children were at the party, including ____, Luke.

　　A. the oldest B. an oldest one

　　C. the old D. an old one

　　15. From ___ serious look on his face, I knew that he brought ____ news of great importance

　　A the, a B / , /

　　C the, the D the, /

　　ANSWERS: BADCB CBACA DCDAD

　　【能力训练】

　　1. Tom owns ___ larger collection of ___ books than any other student in our class.

　　A. the; 不填 B. a; 不填 C. a; the D. 不填; the

　　2. If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off ____.

　　A. a price B. price C. the price D. prices

　　3. When we got into ____ trouble, ___ number of people came to help me.

　　A. the; the B. a; a C. /; a D. /; the

　　4. For a long time they walked without saying ____ word. Jim was the first to break ___ silence.

　　A. the; a B. a; the C. a; / D. the; /

　　5. Father often says to me “Be ____ honest boy today and ___ useful man tomorrow.”

　　A. a; a B. an; an C. a; an D. an; a

　　6. What ___ honest boy your son is and what ___ fun he is.

　　A. a; a B. a; / C. an; a D. an; /

　　7. When he left ___ college, he got a job as ___ reporter in a newspaper office.

　　A. 不填; a B.不填; the C. a; the D. the; the

　　8. ___ rich used to look down upon _____ poor.

　　A. The; 不填 B. The; the C. A; a D. A; the

　　9. —I’d like ___ information about the management of your hotel, please.

　　—Well, you could have ___ word with the manager. He might be helpful.

　　A. some; a B. an; some C. some; some D. an; a

　　10. They had to work from ___ morning till ____ night in order to pay off ___ debts.

　　A. the; the; the B. the; the; / C. /; /; the D. /; /; /

　　11. He was ___ medical student before he turned ___ engineer.

　　A. a; an B. the; the C. a; / D. /; an

　　12. Wouldn’t it be ___ wonderful world if all nations lived in ___ peace with one another?

　　A. a; / B. the; / C. a; the D. the; the

　　13. ——Have you seen ___ Audi car I parked here?

　　——Is it ___ black one? A young man has driven a black away.

　　A. an, a B. the, the C. the, a D. an, the

　　14. ___ Shanghai you see today is quite ___ different city from what it used to be.

　　A. The, / B. /, the C. The, a D. A, a

　　ANSWERS: BCCCD DABAC CAAC